银杏酚酸微生物降解研究
摘要：银杏（Ginkgo biloba L）具有很高的药用价值。在银杏叶提取物及其制剂的药理、临床和安全性研究中，发现银杏酚酸具有强烈的致敏性与致突变作用，同时也具有细胞毒性、胚胎毒性和免疫毒性等特性，被视为致敏性有害成分。因此对银杏叶中酚酸类物质的研究和利用，降低银杏提取物中银杏酚酸的含量，对于银杏资源的有效开发，具有非常重要的作用。目前银杏酚酸的降解方法主要有：高温降解银杏酚酸，有机溶剂法脱除银杏酚酸，大孔树脂法脱除银杏酚酸，配位-有机溶剂法脱除银杏酚酸等。这些降解银杏酚酸的方式生产工艺上要经历多次溶剂提取和层析分离，步骤繁琐复杂；而且品质上一方面会有溶剂的残留，另一方面会造成银杏叶中黄酮和萜内酯成分损失。所以寻找一种可以降解银杏酚酸，同时对银杏叶黄酮和萜内酯等活性成分没有影响的微生物，用微生物预处理脱除银杏酚酸，获取一种新的制备银杏叶提取物的方法。
关键词：银杏酚酸；致毒性；致敏性；降解
Research on microbial degradation of gingkolic acids
Abstract:Ginkgo biloba L has high medicinal value. In the studies of Ginkgo biloba extract and its preparations on pharmacological, clinical and safety aspects, it was found that Ginkgolic acidss has strong allergenicity and mutagenicity. Meanwhile, it is considered as a harmful component due to its cytotoxicity, embryotoxicity and immunotoxicity. It is regarded as a harmful component of allergenicity. Therefore, the study and utilization of phenolic acids in ginkgo biloba leaves and the reduction of ginkgolic acidss content in ginkgo biloba extract play a very important role in the effective exploitation of ginkgo biloba resources. At present, the main degradation methods of ginkgolic acids include high temperature degradation of ginkgolic acids, removal of ginkgolic acids by organic solvent, removal of ginkgolic acids by macroporous resin, removal of ginkgolic acidss by ligand organic solvent, etc. The production process of degradation of ginkgolic acids need to go through many solvent extraction and chromatography separation, and the steps are complicated. On the one hand, there will be solvent residue, on the other hand, it will cause the loss of flavonoids and terpene lactones in ginkgo biloba leaves. Therefore, a new method for preparation of ginkgo biloba leaf extract was found, which could degrade ginkgolic acids and had no effect on the active components such as flavonoids and terpenes of ginkgo biloba leaves and so on. The microbial pretreatment was used to remove ginkgolic acids and to obtain a new method of preparing ginkgo biloba extract.
Key words: Gingkolic acid;Toxicity; Sensitization; Degradation
1.银杏简介
银杏（Ginkgo biloba L）是我国古老的树种之一，银杏包括银杏叶和银杏果，银杏果（俗称白果）具有很高的食用和药用价值。银杏树非常容易识别，分枝生长繁茂、长短分明、杏叶呈扇形、叶脉呈二叉状、基部为楔形、顶端常分裂为两部分。银杏树生长十分缓慢，自然条件下从栽种到结银杏果要二十多年，四十年后才能大量结果。
自从20年代至60年代中期，德国医药科学家发现银杏叶中含有黄酮类、双黄酮类、萜内酯、银杏酚酸、银杏多糖等成分60多种，其中有重要的生理活性物质为黄酮和萜内酯[[1]]，能够预防和治疗心脑血管动脉硬化、高血压等疾病[[2]]。 银杏叶中除了对人类有益的黄酮类化合物和萜内酯，还含有银杏酸物质，其含量过高时对人体有不利影响。
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