不礼貌评论话语的人际语用学研究—以《演员请就位2》微博评论为例文献综述

 2021-12-30 20:40:02

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2. Literature ReviewNowadays, more and more attention has been paid to the study of impoliteness in network communication in the field of pragmatics. Although some achievements have been made in the research of impoliteness, most of them focus on the construction of pragmatic identity of impolite utterances, and few of them focus on interpersonal relationship by analyzing impolite utterances from the perspective of interpersonal pragmatics. This chapter is divided into three parts to review the literature. The first part introduces the definition and related theories of impolite utterance. The second part introduces the rapport management theory from the perspective of interpersonal pragmatics. The third part introduces the previous related research.2.1 Definition of impolitenessImpoliteness is an essential phenomenon that can be found very generally in human languages and among human cultures. However, it is a real challenge to try to define what impoliteness is, for you can hardly find a verbal behavior which is always important. As a matter of fact, there's no commonly accepted agreement on the definition of impoliteness. If such a simple definition is given as impoliteness is a face-aggravating behavior in a particular context, not all researchers would ultimately approve of. Most researchers would point out that this definition is insufficient and too simple. Culpeper (2003) explores the definition from the view of the speaker and maintains that impoliteness, communicative strategies are designed to attack face,and thereby cause social conflict and disharmony. "When it comes what impoliteness is, it is worth drawing attention to the definitions given by Culpeper which have evolved over the last dozen years. Culpeper (2005) holds the view that impoliteness comes about when: (1)the speaker communicates face-attack intentionally, or (2) the hearer perceives and/or constructs behavior as intentionally face-attacking,or a combination of (1) and (2). His definition values the importance of intention and starts to focus on both the speakers and the hearer's perception. A better way to illustrate the significance of the given definition is the words which Lecch introduced in 2014 the most frequently cited definition of impoliteness is that of Culpeper (2005), who more than anyone has opened up this field,and who states that. . . Besides the definition given above, Culpeper (2011) proposes a different and more elaborated definition of impoliteness which brings us an influential entry point into the study of impoliteness. Impoliteness is a negative attitude towards specific behaviors occurring in specific contexts. Whats different between the impoliteness definition put forward in his early research and that in late one is that the latter takes more influencing factors into consideration, such as ones expectation, desire, identity and the hearers understanding of the speakers intentions.2.2 Theoretical FrameworkThis paper analyzes and studies discourses of impolite comments from the perspective of interpersonal pragmatics, and the theoretical framework used is the theory of rapport management. The rapport management theory mainly studies how to establish, maintain or avoid threatening interpersonal and social relations through language. Interpersonal pragmatics focuses on interpersonal relationships, and the analysis begins with context, focusing on all the social and cultural factors involved in participation, interaction and communication (O'Driscoll, 2013). Spencer-Oatey (2000) puts forward the theory of interpersonal relationship management from the perspective of interpersonal relationship, and replaces face management with relationship management, and pays more attention to the embodiment of the balance of interests between the two sides.Spencer-Oatey provides a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing face and rapport. She believes and doubts Brown and Levinson's identification of positive face will meet difficulties and challenges from scholars all over the world especially when taking eastern culture into consideration. The rapport management theory goes beyond the study of face and politeness to explain how people manage the social relations between the two sides in verbal communication from the perspective of language production. Spencer OTI provides a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing face and harmony. She believed and doubted that Brown and Levinson would encounter difficulties and challenges from scholars all over the world, especially when considering oriental culture. Because the face and politeness theory ignores the interpersonal and social perspective of face and overemphasizes its individual freedom and autonomy. Therefore, with the support of politeness theory, rapport management theory pays special attention to the concept of face and the role of language in social relationship management. Spencer-Oatey put forward the term "harmonious relationship management" instead of "face management", because harmonious relationship management more embodies the balance between self and others, and face sounds more like self-concern (Spencer-Oatey, 2000). In this sense, we should pay attention to the balance between the self and the other, rather than unilateral self - orientation or other - orientation imbalance.Spencer-Oatey believes that the management of interpersonal relationship is the management of harmony and disharmony between people. This paper puts forward three core concepts of Harmonious Management: face management, social rights and obligations management and interactional goals management. More specifically, face management includes the management of face needs, which is closely related to personal identity or self-concept. Therefore, it can be analyzed from three aspects: individual face, group face and relationship face, including people's self-worth, dignity, honor, reputation, ability and so on. As for the management of social rights and obligations, it is related to management expectation. Management expectation refers to the rights that an individual, as an individual and as a part of society, effectively claims for himself in the interaction with others. Interactional goals refers to people's specific tasks / purposes in interaction. People always communicate with a certain purpose, including conveying information or expressing relationship. This need will also affect the relationship between communicators.This framework is a combination of individuals and society. Face management, social rights and obligations management and interactional goals management have both personal and social factors. Different contexts lead to different communicative purposes, and communicators have different considerations about them.As the rapport management theory emphasizes both personal and social aspects in explaining impoliteness, and takes into account face, social norms and communication purposes, it will be more comprehensively and systematically applied to the analysis of the judges' comments on actor in place.2.3 Related empirical studies2.3.1 Research on discourses of verbal impolitenessOn some types of impolite utterances, such as Pragmatic Analysis of Conventionalized Impolite Utterances - a case study of if you are the one by Chen Fang (2015), this paper analyzes the conventionalized impolite utterances in the TV Festival if you are the one within the framework of conversation analysis and conversation activity types, and probes into the realization strategies and response strategies of impoliteness and the phenomenon of excessive politeness in blind date festivals As well as the interaction between power and impoliteness; Liu Kai and Gu Xiang (2015) according to Wang Chuanben's classification of impoliteness, they explores the influencing factors of unconscious impoliteness and the remedial measures for unconscious verbal impoliteness in communication; Sun Shengnan (2016) based on Culpeper's impolite speech theory, this paper analyzes the realization of intentional impoliteness in the movie Lao paoer; Lin Jiaqi (2016) interprets Pragmatic Features of Indirect Impoliteness in Chinese "pun with each other" - Taking a dream of Red Mansions as an example, introduces Culpeper's impoliteness and "mutual pun", indirect impoliteness and "mutual pun". On the basis of the former two, it analyzes the pragmatic features of indirect impoliteness of "mutual pun". On the research and analysis of impolite utterances in different contexts, the types of contexts studied mainly include: in the context of network communication, Wang Xiaoyu (2015) combines impolite utterances with the study of network language, and introduces the classification of impolite strategies and the use of impolite utterances in conversation scenes with identity Pragmatic function and interpersonal pragmatic effect. In the context of multiple person communication, Gao Qian's (2015) Dynamic Research on Verbal Impoliteness in Multiple Person Communication -- A Case Study of "Golden Mediation" illustrates the dynamic development of verbal impoliteness in discourse; In the context of debate, Zheng Qeyue's (2016) Pragmatic Analysis of False Impoliteness in Entertainment Context analyzes the specific manifestations of false impoliteness in various stages of development in entertainment context. In the family context, Dong Cuiru (2014) analyzes impoliteness by distinguishing the speaker's speech, status and place of the conversation through the environment and social relations of the two sides of the conversation.2.3.2 Research on comments from different perspectivesThe new era feature of comment discourse is that it has become a kind of social practice. This kind of practice is not only a way for language to express itself, but also a tool in interpersonal communication, and an important force to indicate, compose and construct the world.In the study of the connotation and classification of critical discourse, Wang Ling and Guo Jing (2013) published a review of modern Chinese First of all, it is a kind of speech act. Its characteristic is that it focuses on the right and wrong of people or things, and clearly expounds its own views on the event from both subjective and objective aspects. In terms of sentence expression, comment belongs to declarative discourse behavior. Critical discourse can be divided into direct critical discourse and indirect critical discourse. In the use of comment discourse, direct comment discourse accounts for a relatively high proportion, while indirect comment discourse accounts for a relatively low proportion. Critical discourse varies from person to person. Due to different social factors such as age, gender and knowledge level, there are also great differences in the use and choice of critical discourse. In the network review, Wang Dahong (2008) believes that the network-based comment discourse breaks through the shackles of the traditional discourse power in the public sphere, and its unique mode of communication can greatly expand the freedom of the public sphere and form a new way and space of communication in the network. Wang Danna and Liu Pengfei (2013) pointed out that both the object and the subject of online comments have shown a trend of diversified development. Different from the era of traditional media, in the current network environment, the connotation of online comments has undergone a fundamental change, whether the subject or the object.In the study of traditional media comment discourse, Tan Tian (2014) believe that the media ecological environment is constantly changing with the development of network media, and the diversification of speech sources and the fragmentation of massive information have brought great challenges to the development of TV comment. The comment discourse of TV media has changed the tendency of one-sided public opinion in the past, and has established a pluralistic and harmonious public opinion atmosphere with mutual respect and free speech. With the development of network media, TV media is also changing. TV media can gradually realize the integration with the hot spots of the times, making its timeliness enhanced and the scope of discussion wider.To sum up, in the past, scholars have analyzed from the perspective of comment discourse itself and comment discourse connotation, many of which are combined with traditional media to explore the discourse power and discourse tendency of comment discourse subject. There are also some researches from the perspective of network media, many of which are analyzed from the perspective of comment itself. However, researches on comments in variety show are rare. Therefore, this paper takes the judges comments in the popular variety show "Actors, Stand by" as an example, discusses the verbal impoliteness in judges' comments, and analyzes their effects and influences.2.3.3 Research on discourse analyses from the perspective of Interpersonal Pragmatics From the perspective of interpersonal pragmatics, face, human relationship and face are the important factors closely related to interpersonal relationship, which is worth exploring in Chinese cultural pragmatics. In recent years, interpersonal pragmatics, such as Locher (2015), Locher without human feelings, it is difficult to have face. Therefore, we believe that the study of interpersonal pragmatics in the context of Chinese culture should take into account the local interpersonal factors and related concepts such as human feelings, feelings or feelings, especially their construction role in interpersonal relationship practice (Zhao Linson, 2017). In a narrow sense, interpersonal pragmatics in the context of Chinese culture is based on human relationship.2.4 Research gapTheoretically speaking, the research on impoliteness at home and abroad started late, and the research on politeness and impoliteness is in an unbalanced state. Firstly, from the perspective of references, there are few authoritative works on impoliteness in China. Secondly, the existing research on impoliteness has a single perspective and many theoretical perspectives, and the particularity of verbal impoliteness in context has not been deeply studied. At present, the domestic research on impolite utterance mainly focuses on the comprehensive description of the research status of scholars at home and abroad, or combined with corpus to analyze some impolite utterances, reflecting the lack of research.However, interpersonal pragmatics is a new research trend and needs to explore new research topics and directions. The core of interpersonal pragmatics is interpersonal relations in communication, including interpersonal relations such as status, intimacy, role, power and obligation regulated by conversation. In communication, the use of language will directly affect the relationship between the two sides. The generation and implementation of impolite utterance is one of the means to maintain / destroy the relationship. The rapport management theory explains how people manage social relations in verbal communication from the perspective of language production. Therefore, the theory of relationship management is suitable to be used as the theoretical framework of this paper. From the perspective of interpersonal pragmatics, this paper selects the evaluation corpus of tutors in variety shows to explore the construction of interpersonal relations by verbal impoliteness.

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