Research on the Chinese Face Culture ——Compared with the West文献综述

 2022-08-29 11:08

Research on the Chinese Face Culture

——Compared with the West

摘要：Politeness is one of the symbols of human civilization. It is a common phenomenon and a kind of communication principle. Face culture is a very important part in Chinese culture and influences many aspects of peoplersquo;s life. It is sure that China and western countries that have different cultural backgrounds have different understanding on politeness. As one of the politeness principles, face perspective has its own patterns of manifestation in China and western countries. Many scholars from home and abroad have presented so many opinions and done a lot of researches.

关键词：face perspective; cross-cultural communication; politeness

一、文献综述

Face perspective exists in all cultures everywhere, but it is defined differently in various cultural contexts. Many scholars from home and abroad have given lots of definitions of their own. Erving Goffman (1955) conceptualized face perspective as something that is diffusedly located in the flow of events. According to Goffman, face is defined as a kind of positive social value one person pursues in social interaction, which is also known as the positive image of self that individuals have when interacting with others.

Brown and Levinson presented the theory of Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena based on Goffman. According to Brown and Levinson, they find different people from different language backgrounds use courteous expressions in universal. They think face as the public self-image that every member of a society wants to claim for himself / herself. Face is a social image that individuals would like to preserve for themselves. H.P. Grice presented Cooperative Principle in 1975, which reveals how people follow four principles of quantity, quality, relation and manner to cooperate with each other in order to smoothly communicate. However, under most circumstances, people do not follow the principles well. For understanding the communication, Brown and Levinson (1987) gave a statement in detail about politeness and face perspective systematically, including three fundamental concepts: Face, Face-threatening Acts, Face-saving Theory. They assume everyone who interacts with others is the Model Person. They believe every model person is a reasonable person who has the need of face. And the face every social member wants is actually the public self-image he or she strives for in the public. It is divided into two kinds: negative face and positive face.

Negative face means that they do not want to be forced and the actions of their own are not influenced or interfered by others. Positive face means that they want to gain praise or acceptance from others. Brown and Levinson think that actually much verbal behavior is threatening onersquo;s face. And to pay attention to politeness is to reduce that threaten. They presented that each person should consider both positive face and negative face, because it is related to onersquo;s rights and communication principles.

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