文献综述（或调研报告）：
The Possible Mechanism in Nano-particle Induced Autophagy through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: A Review Based on Current Research
Abstract
The incredible rise in the use of nanoparticles in the modern industry and research has triggered heated discussion about its potential risk of toxicity. Unfortunately, not enough is known about how the novel, technologically-attractive properties of NPs correlate with the interactions that may take place at the Nano/Bio interface, left alone the whole mechanism of its in vivo toxicity. However, besides its tremendous economic and academic value, the hazards it brings about must be taken seriously. So, the novel and efficient toxicological methods to evaluate its toxicological pathways and the reaction it leads in animal and human body should be given great attention and is on the urgent need.
Collectively, some features of the NPs are much more superior compared with those of some common chemical/physical materials. Take Quantum Dots as an example, it gives a more advanced emission and absorption bandwidths, simultaneously, its unique characteristics of photo bleaching resistance and the potential to deliver drug in a site-specific way [1], makes it rivaled by no opponents. Under such circumstance, the tendency rises, and it becomes the most popular materials to be invested in the industry and research. Along with its great features, NPsrsquo; toxicity was put on the stage to be concerned. The most crucial topic we choose to discuss is about the Nano particle induced autophagy. The autophagy in Eukaryotic animals is of great importance to the cellsrsquo; degradation and recycling process. Most of the mechanisms which guarantees and regulates the common autophagy in our body is lack further discoveries. However, researchers have affirmed that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with the autophagy process and it could be one of the manifestations of Nano-particlesrsquo; toxicity.
In this review, we initially take a brief scan of current research, and select the top topics and aspects that remain ambiguous to discuss. Finally, we draw a short but concise conclusion about the perspective of this field. Actually, most constitution and mechanisms of the autophagy induced by Nano-particles are not clear, but based on the current research, we still hold the power to make some summary about the roles Nano-particle plays in this process, especially when it is associated with ER stress.
Introduction
The toxicity of Nano-particles has constantly been a heated topic. In this review, we discuss one aspect of its toxicity, that is, the nanoscale toxicity it introduces to the cell which induces various levels of autophagy. As widely accepted, this kind of toxicity is actually activated through the ER stress. ER stress could regulate the autophagy through different chaperon, including the GPR78 protein which effects the membrane of autophagosome and mTORC1 deriving from mTOR, which may be essential during the initiation process of autophagy, and certainly, this pathway is special for the Macro-autophagy. Therefore, the basic method to study the mechanism is to measure the occurrence of several signaling proteins of ER stress and autophagy [1,2]. Through lots of experiments, we have already confirmed that some Nano-particles are responsible for the abnormal autophagy happening. However, solely relying on this method could not exclude some mixed factors. For example, we cannot thoroughly figure out that if the autophagy was triggered by the nanoparticlesrsquo; special features. Recently, there were some researchers aiming at solving this puzzle and consequently come up with a new method, using two group of tester to compare the toxicity caused and make a primary conclusion on this. In summary, knowledge about this field is still not proficient, and more experiments, methods and biological models are required.
A brief overview of autophagy
Autophagy is a natural process happening inside the cells. It holds an inevitable existence to control the recycling and degradation in the mammal animalsrsquo; cells. In mammal animalsrsquo; cells, the autophagy is commonly demonstrated and divided into three different parts: First is the Micro-autophagy, by which cytoplasmic contents enter the lysosome through an invagination or deformation of the lysosomal membrane [2]. The chaperon-mediated autophagy, namely, the CMA is highly specific; common to all CMA substrates is a Penta peptide targeting motif biochemically related to KFERQ [3]. The Macro-autophagy, this kind of autophagy includes four basic process, in which the autophagsomes changes from open isolation membrane to a close structure, and this procedure happens far away from the lysosome. Except for the Macro-autophagy, we merely know a little about the mechanisms and the regulating pathways of these first two kinds of autophagy.
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