城镇污水处理厂设计文献综述

 2022-03-10 21:23:54

毕业论文文献综述

摘要:城市生活污水是城市居民生活中所排放的污水,生活污水中含有大量的病菌和有机物,如果随意排放的话会对周边水体、土壤造成很大的污染,会严重威胁到当地居民的人身健康,因此必须建造污水处理厂对生活污水收集并处理。本次毕业设计课题是15000m3/d城镇污水处理厂设计,根据任务书要求和现场统计,确定平均水量是15000m3/d,变化系数是1.53,因此最大水量是22950m3/d,设计内容主要包括设计任务介绍、工艺对比和选择、污水处理构筑物计算、污水厂平面高程布置和投资概算运行费用等。通过对水质水量的分析,采用SBR、CAST、CAST三种符合要求的工艺进行对比比较,最终决定采用CAST工艺。污水处理流程分为三个部分:第一部分是进行预处理,污水通过粗格栅提升泵房、细格栅和沉砂池去除污水中的大部分漂浮物和悬浮物;第二部分是生化处理部分,也是整个工艺的核心部分,污水CAST内通过微生物的降解作用将大部分有机污染物降解为无机物,然后再采用过滤池进行过滤,过滤池中采用石英砂和活性炭作为滤料,可以吸附拦截污水中剩余的污染物;第三部分是对分离出来的出水进行消毒处理,可以保证出水微生物达标。处理后排放的出水可以达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A排放标准。多余的剩余污泥首先经过污泥浓缩池浓缩,然后再经过脱水机房脱水后变成泥饼外运出去。

关键词:CAST;生活污水;脱氮除磷;浓缩脱水

Design of 15000m3 / D urban sewage treatment plant

Abstract:Urban domestic sewage is the sewage discharged by urban residents. It contains a lot of bacteria and organic matter. If it is discharged at will, it will cause great pollution to the surrounding water and soil, and will seriously threaten the health of local residents. Therefore, it is necessary to build a sewage treatment plant to collect and treat domestic sewage. The graduation project is the design of 15000m3 / D urban sewage treatment plant. According to the requirements of the task book and field statistics, it is determined that the average water volume is 15000m3 / D, and the coefficient of variation is 1.53, so the maximum water volume is 22950m3 / D. the design content mainly includes the introduction of design tasks, process comparison and selection, calculation of sewage treatment structures, calculation of water quality, and calculation of water quality The plan and elevation layout of sewage treatment plant, investment estimate and operation cost, etc. Based on the analysis of water quality and quantity, SBR, cast and CAST processes were compared, and finally cast process was adopted. The sewage treatment process is divided into three parts: the first part is pretreatment, the sewage through the coarse grid lifting pump room, fine grid and grit chamber to remove most of the floating and suspended solids in the sewage; The second part is the biochemical treatment part, which is also the core part of the whole process. Most of the organic pollutants are degraded into inorganic substances by microbial degradation in the sewage cast, and then the filter is used for filtration. Quartz sand and activated carbon are used as filter media in the filter, which can absorb and intercept the remaining pollutants in the sewage; The third part is to disinfect the separated effluent, which can ensure that the effluent microorganisms reach the standard. The effluent after treatment can meet the first class a discharge standard of 'discharge standard of pollutants for urban sewage treatment plant' (GB 18918-2002). The excess sludge is first concentrated in the sludge thickening tank, and then dehydrated in the dewatering machine room and transported out as sludge cake.

Key words: CAST; Domestic sewage; Nitrogen and phosphorus removal; Concentration and dehydration

1研究背景

在当今社会,随着工业脚步的不断发展,人民生活水平的不断提高,对水的需求量越来越大,全球水资源匮乏的问题越来越突出。联合国环境预计到2025年,世界上将会有30亿人面临缺水,40个国家和地区淡水严重不足。

根据水利部官方统计,我国人均水资源量仅为世界平均水平的 28%,年均缺水500多亿立方米。我国660余座城市中普遍存在淡水资源无法满足生活、生产需求情况,其中 400余座供水不足,110 余座严重缺水,京、津、青岛、大连等城市缺水最为严重23[1]。缺水已经制约了国民生活水平及经济发展,故提高节水意识,开发节水技术,加大资金投入建设污水治理及回用设施已然成为重要工作方向。

河北省属于我国华北地区严重的资源型缺水省份,我省人均水资源占有量不足全国平均值的七分之一。近年来水资源的状况更是令人担忧,自产水资源量与上个世纪50年代相比较,水量减少了将近50%,流域汇入水量减少了将近70%河北省可利用的水资源总量不足170亿立方米,但是需水的总水量已经达到205亿~215亿立方米,远远超出了水资源供给能力,在不考虑环境用水的情况下,一般年份河北省缺水量也要达到40亿~50亿立方米[2]

面对水资源如此匮乏的现状,缓解水资源短缺问题的关键就是开源、节流,使一次水源得到多次使用,做到节约用水是亟待解决的问题。污水的深度处理是通过对污染程度较轻的水进行进一步处理,把处理之后的水回用到日常生活的杂用水系统、市政绿化用水中。这种方案与海水淡化和跨流域调水相比,污水的深度处理具有明显的优势。从经济的角度分析,污水深度处理的运行成本最低,从环保的角度看,污水深度处理有助于改善生态环境,实现水资源的良性循环。面对水资源污染及淡水资源总量危机,我省加大开源节流力度,着力开展了污水治理及深度处理再利用工程。

2污水特点

城市生活污水是城市居民生活中所排放的污水,生活污水中含有大量的病菌和有机物,如果随意排放的话会对周边水体、土壤造成很大的污染,会严重威胁到当地居民的人身健康,因此必须建造污水处理厂对生活污水收集并处理。污水的的水质种类多而且有些难降。

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