The Dynamics of Informal Groups in a Middle School文献综述

 2022-08-15 09:08

The Dynamics of Informal Groups in a Middle School

一、文献综述

1. Research both at Home and Abroad

In 1924, the American psychologist professor George Elton Mayo began his eight-year 'Hawthorne Experiment', where through which he found that there were various forms of informal groups in the enterprise in addition to the formal group. Mayo first proposed the existence of informal groups in the organization, and he believed that people are social people, so social interaction and interpersonal relationships are the most important needs of human race. Based on interpersonal relationships and taking emotional as a link, the organization will inevitably form informal groups. These groups will have a significant impact on the efficiency of the organization as well.

Mayo argued that informal groups are spontaneously organized in communications among different people. Because of common interests, common feelings and common goals, different persons are formed by voluntary co-ordination. It is not like a formal group which is usually at a stable and balanced state, but in a continuous adaptation where it continues to reassemble them.

Following the Hawthorne experiment, people have conducted more in-depth research on informal groups and try to give various kinds of definitions of informal groups from different perspectives. For example, the sociologist and psychologist K. Davis, pointed out, “informal organizations are not established or needed by formal organizations, but spontaneously established by the networks of personal and social relations as well as their interrelationships.' According to the general sociological point of view, informal groups refer to the groups of spontaneous formation based on personal likes and interests, where is no fixed goals, no status and relationship between members.

'There are more than 3.2 billion people in the world, and each belongs to more than one group with an average of five to six groups. If the overlap is considered, the total number of existing small groups will be estimated to be as high as four billion to five billion.' said by Theodore ·M· Mills, a professor at Yale University in the United States. Now the total population on Earth has more than six billion, so the number of small groups on Earth is also very alarming.

In ancient China, educators usually take 'getting along well with others' as one of the evaluation standards of students. The book – Learn, written by Dai Sheng in the Western Han Dynasty, said, “一年视离经辨志，三年视敬业乐群。” That means to do the best of your career and to get along well with your friends. It is obvious to see that ancient Chinese had paid great attention to students interpersonal communication ability.

The study of informal groups in the field of education was developed with the development of some educational disciplines . In the early 1990s, scholars began to apply the method of sociological research to study the informal group in the school in China.

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