[摘要]:银杏作为我国林果产业的重要品种,具有很大的经济价值。果实的采收是银杏产业最重要的环节。传统的人工采收效率低、耗时长、成本高;目前常用的机械化采收技术多以振动式果品收获机为主,其最基本的理论是通过一定形式的振动机构将振动能量传递到果枝上转变为果实的分离力,当分离力大于果柄结合力时,果实脱落。采摘设备在国内的研究应用相对较晚,并以学习国外为主,研制出机械振动式采摘机,摇树采收机,便携式振动采收机等;国外部分发达国家机械化采摘作业已经非常成熟,普遍采用振动式采摘机,振动式采摘机主要可以分为气力式、连续式、撞击式和接触式四种。国外对振动响应的研究相对成熟深入,偏重于大型果树,得出一系列重要的理论参数。国内的振动响应研究着重于小型果树,建立相关数学模型,得出相关响应参数。对于果实振型响应的研究,国内外研究者各有成就,为设计机械振动采收机提供了必要的理论参数。通过对果枝处振动位移、加速度的响应特性的研究,提高采收效率和果实采净率,是可行的。
关键字:银杏;动态响应;振动
Experimental study on dynamic response characteristics of Ginkgo fruit
【Abstract】As an important variety of China#39;s forest fruit industry, ginkgo has great economic value. Fruit harvesting is the most important part of the ginkgo industry. The traditional manual harvesting is low in efficiency, long in time, and high in cost. At present, the most commonly used mechanized harvesting techniques are vibrating fruit harvesters. The most basic theory is to transmit vibration energy to the fruit branches through a certain form of vibration mechanism. It is transformed into the separation force of the fruit, and when the separation force is greater than the binding force of the fruit stalk, the fruit falls off. The research and application of picking equipment in China is relatively late, and the main purpose of learning abroad is to develop mechanical vibrating picking machine, shaking tree harvesting machine, portable vibration harvesting machine, etc. The mechanized picking operation in some developed countries is very mature. Vibrating picking machines are widely used. Vibrating picking machines can be mainly divided into pneumatic, continuous, impact and contact types. Foreign studies on vibration response are relatively mature and deep, focusing on large fruit trees, and a series of important theoretical parameters. The domestic vibration response study focuses on small fruit trees, establishes relevant mathematical models, and derives relevant response parameters. For the study of fruit shape response, researchers at home and abroad have achieved success and provided the necessary theoretical parameters for designing mechanical vibration harvesters. It is feasible to improve the harvesting efficiency and fruit harvesting rate by studying the response characteristics of vibration displacement and acceleration at the fruit branches.
Key words: ginkgo,dynamic response,vibration
- 课题研究的目的和意义
林果产业是现代林业的重要组成部分,具有明显的经济效益和生态效益。随着林果产业的快速发展,其已经成为新农村发展建设以及农民创收致富的重要产业。林果采收作业是林果生产中最耗时、最费力的一个环节,具有季节性强,耗时长,受地理环境影响,劳动强度大等特点,所以此过程消耗的劳动力占整个流程劳动力的35%-45%[1]。我国林果采收机械化程度较低,,广大地区是人工作业,所消耗的费用占总成本的50%-70%[2]。相对于传统人工采收作业,机械化采收作业耗时短、效率高、成本低,生产效率比人工提高5-10倍[3]。机械采收在美国、西班牙、俄罗斯、意大利、英国、德国、丹麦、匈牙利等国的果园应用较为普遍。美国、前苏联、瑞典、丹麦、澳大利亚等国家都先后研制了不同类型的林木振动采种机, 用以采收水果、干果和针叶树球果; 美国研制的林木振动采种机先应用在果园内[4]。国外对振动式林果采摘机械的研究很多,研究结果表明通过对果树树枝或树干的振动实现林果果实的采摘是可行的,而且激振频率对采收效果影响较大,最高采净率超过99%[5]。采收效果好,而且效率较高,但国外采收机一般都是大型机具,作业空间要求较大,适用于稀疏果园。影响果实分离的主要因素为惯性力、激振时间、成熟度等。振动系统稳态响应的位移、速度、加速度均呈周期性变化;影响果实振动脱落的主要因素有激振频率和振幅,频率越高或者振幅越大,惯性力的幅值越大,激振效果越好。基于振动与果实响应之间的关系,银杏果实动态响应特性试验研究的成果对银杏的增产和机械采收设备的研发具有极大的帮助,有利于提高采收效率和采净率,降低人工成本,进一步提高银杏果的经济效益,促进林果产业在国内的进一步发展,有利于提高采收作业中的机械化程度。
- 国内外研究现状
随着现代农林业的快速发展,以振动的形式分离成熟的果实成为最常用的采收方式。本文对银杏果实动态响应特性进行了试验研究。
2.1林果采摘机械设备
2.1.1国外采摘机械设备研究
