An Analysis of the Images in Keats’ Ode on a Grecian Urn济慈《希腊古瓮颂》中的意象特征分析文献综述

 2022-01-05 07:01

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文献综述

1. Introduction1.1 Research backgroundJohn Keats (1795-1821) is one of the representative poets in the period of British Romanticism. In May, 1816, his first poem Oh, Solitude in The Inquirer was edited by Hunter. In November, despite the opposition from his family, he gave up being a doctor. Since then, Keats embarked on the road of writing poetry. During the short period between April and September of 1819, he created his most representative odes, including Ode to Psyche, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode on Indolence, Ode on Melancholy, Ode to a Nightingale and To Autumn. At the end of 1818, Keats moved to his friends house at Hampstead, where he fell in love with his neighbor, Fanny Brown, a beautiful, lively, kind-hearted eighteen-year-old girl with a quick, clever and witty mind. She loved Keats sincerely. The following year, Keats was engaged to Fanny. But his deteriorating health and meagre income made the marriage impossible, which put him in a lot of pain. During this period of time, Keats finished one of his famous odes: Ode on a Grecian Urn. The poem focuses on creating a thought-provoking theme, that is, understanding the relationship between beauty and truth. The poet shows a hesitant mood between imagination and reality in creating the ode. As a matter of fact, his life experiences exert a great influence on his poetry creation, including his illness, his younger brothers death, the impossibility of living with his lifelong lover, and the turmoil of domestic politics. Keats poems are characterized by rigorous structure, perceptual description, colorful imagination and rich sensory images. The American imagist poet and critic Amy Lo well (1925) comments that Keats first demonstrates a magnificent scene, vivid and enlightening. His world-renowned Ode on a Grecian Urn was first published in July, 1819 in a journal called Annals of the Fine Arts. Later, it was republished in Keats third and final publication, Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St Agnes, and Other Poems (1820). In the ode, Keats tells us a simple but useful truth that however ordinary a thing is judged from its appearance, it may have the purest beauty compared with the other splendid things. In the urn that captures moments of intense experiences, which freezes them into marble immobility in attitudes of graceKeats finds perfect correlatives of his persistent concern with the longing for permanence in a changing world. The force of imagination is a typical of Ode on a Grecian Urn, whose images play an important role in shaping the characters and sublimating the theme. They are auditory, visual and thalposis images. Auditory images include heifer lowering, melodies and ditties of no tone and songs of pipes. Colors, figures and pictures are visual images. Thalposis images appear as the fair youths burning forehead. This thesis intends to analyze these images and their functions so as to explore the eternal artistic charm of Keats ode.1.2 Literature reviewThis section will review image and Ode on a Grecian Urn. According to peoples various sensory organs, image can be classified into visual image, auditory image, tactile image, olfactory image, taste image, thalposis image, etc. 1.2.1 Image Image is something that can express the instantaneous combination of reason and emotion. The instant appearance of this complexity brings the feeling of a sudden liberation and a sense of freedom from the limitations of time and space, which also gives us the feeling of a sudden growth that we experience from great works of art. It is also a word or phrase that describes something in an imaginative way and a mental picture of sensory experiences. Pound puts forward the best concept of image, that is, an image is the combination of reason and emotion that are presented in an instant. The Imagism Movement is unanimously regarded as the modernist movement initiated after symbolism and has the most continuous influence. This brilliant modernist movement is the only way to modern poetry. Imagism ended the exaggerated style that prevailed the literary world at the end of the 19th century and opened up a new path for modern poetry. It strengthened the modernity of free verse by using images and concise expressions. In this sense, the Imagism movement laid the foundation for Pounds ultimate victory. As an outstanding leader of the Imagist movement, Pounds leadership in the history of literature and contemporary literary circles is undisputed.The image in Pounds eyes is as powerful as a vortex. At the same time, it is clear and implicit. It can bring complicate and indescribable subjective feelings to the reader, who cannot help but sink into these swirling images, and naturally feel the epiphany and the shock they bring. Pound believes that although a poem only reflects instant experiences, its images can make the content of reason and emotion more concentrated. Images should be the poets first choice and he can use strong or specific sensory language to avoid abstraction. Keats is good at creating an image of eternal beauty. On the one hand, the creation of this image reflects his pursuit of eternal beauty of nothingness; on the other hand, it reflects his pursuit of poetry and perfection of life. The author of this thesis will apply Pounds image theory to analyze the functions of images in Keats Ode on a Grecian Urn.The description of image in Ode on a Grecian Urn has three major functions. First, it can portray the more vivid shape and patterns of the urn. For example, the shape of the urn is similar to that of Greece, which means that it is very elegant and classical. Second, this poem creates life-like characters. On the one hand, the fair youth dares to love and hate, who tries a lot to chase his goddess. On the other, the bold lover is a perfect person who has eternal life and long-lasting beauty. Finally, readers can easily understand the theme beauty is truth and truth is beauty in the depiction of images. One of the auditory images is the melody of deities. This melody, different from secular words, is the natural sound of the universe in the human mind. Keats god is hard to express in words, but we cant deny their existence. As for the silent ancient urn, the god says nothing. Only the altar presents the deities melody, who hides into the pure realm of the human imagination. This kind of silence seems even more holy and beautiful. The appearance of the god in Keats poem is the disclosure and confession of his own heart. 1.2.2 Previous studies on Keats Ode on a Grecian UrnGenerally speaking, foreign scholars have paid scant attention to the analysis of the ode. There are four articles in total, which center on its structure, negative capability, arts and humanities. Mauro (1997) studies the poem from the perspective of structure and vision, concluding that it is the shape of despair. Mishra (2011) applies deconstructive stylistics on Ode on a Grecian Urn. The annihilation of self, anti-egoistic attitude, skeptical stand towards things and the conflicting moods towards different themes provide a fine deconstructive reading of Keats odes. This paper endeavors to explore the formal stylistic means and grammatical devices employed by Keats to escape all the finality, absoluteness, resolution and unification of the opposites. Hebron (2014) explains how a classical object inspires Keats consideration of human experience. He discusses the metaphor and the stasis in the poem, which are related to the theme of the poem. The negative capacity is also studied, which is a concept that prizes intuition and uncertainty above reason and knowledge. Stephen compares Ode on a Grecian Urn with Ode to a Nightingale in each aspect mentioned above. Stephenson William (2017) propose that the art and humanities have an objective substructure, along with the profound subjectivity that characterizes them. By taking this poem as an example, they outline the objectivity that is substructure to the art and humanities, paralleling the subjectivity that is substructure of science.There are seven essays studying Ode on a Grecian Urn at home. Ye (2007) explains its aesthetic concept beauty is true, true is also beauty, and sublimates the relationship between poetry and life into philosophical thinking about beauty and truth, through the deep study of the contradiction analytical method in the poem. Li (2008) analyzes the influence of Ode on a Grecian Urn on Faulkner in terms of characterization and value orientation. This paper combines the flowing beauty of scenery with the urns static beauty of relief, which makes people experience the best dynamic effect in the instant performance. Faulkner accepts Keats thought and uses the artistic skills of this poem for reference in many works. Based on the structure and connotation of Keats Ode on the Greek Urn, this paper shows the influence of this poem on Faulkners view of history by describing and commenting on the characters in Keats works. Zou (2009) mentions that Ode on the Greek Urn is a typical example of communication between poetry and painting. It not only skillfully fits the static beauty of the original painting, but also creates a pure and beautiful new artistic conception. Jin Wang (2010) reinterpret the poem from the perspective of rhyme and phonological changes. They find that the rhyme in Keats poem is organically integrated with his poetic meaning, sensory principles and aesthetic views, which play a role of integration and contrast, and open up a new perspective for his pursuit of beauty. Liu (2011) associates the three beliefs of Keats poetry creation. She interprets beauty is truth, truth is beauty from the perspective of natural ecology, and then discusses the poetic construction of ecological ethics in the ode. Jia Lin (2011) discuss Keats unique aesthetic thought of beauty is truth, truth is beauty and the enlightenment it provides. Ding (2019) makes a comparison of plant images in both Qu Yuans Jiu Ge and Keats Six Odes. This paper analyzes the plant image from the perspective of sense, then revealing its rich and deep connotation. Keats prefers to describe visible images of plants, like colors or shapes of plants. Qu Yuan used more olfactory and taste plant images. They both express their inner feelings with the help of plant image, that is, they yearn for the fairyland-like mythological world and the purely natural world. Overseas research has focused on the analysis of the theme, structure and writing features of the ode while domestic research has paid attention to the relations between the characters and themes. However, some other aspects still deserve further study. As far as the author of this paper can figure out, only one scholar has studied images of the ode, which will be the focus of this thesis. 1.3 Need of the studyAs to the need of the study, this thesis focuses on the analysis of images, which can enrich the scope of image. Secondly, it contributes to novel creations. The method of depicting characters and scenes in this ode, such as detailed environmental description, sensory description and description of characters psychology can also be used in novel writing. Finally, the analysis of images in Ode on a Grecian Urn can help readers learn more about Keats unique writing features and skills.ReferencesAske, M. (2005). Keats and Hellenism: An essay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Bahram, K. Somayyeh, H. (2014). A dialogue nature of structure in Keats odes as a circular escape from pain to pleasure: A Bakhtinian perspective. International journal of linguistics and literature, 3, 63-74.Bahram, K. Somayyeh, H. (2014). Dialogical odes by John Keats: Mythologically revisited. Theory and practice in language studies, 4, 1730-1734.Grant, F. S. (2005). Selected letter of John Keats. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.Hebron, S. (2009). An introduction to Ode on a Grecian Urn: Time, mortality and beauty. John Keats: A poet and his manuscripts. Retrieved December 15, 2020, from https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/the-pre-raphaelitesHebron, S. (2009). John Keats. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Keats, J. (1922). Ode on a Grecian urn. In Henry Ellershaw (Ed.) Keats poetry and prose. Oxford: Oxford at the Clarendon Press.Mauro, J. (1997). The shape of despair: Structure and vision in Keats Ode on a Grecian Urn. Nineteenth century literature.McGlone, M. S., Tofighbakhsh, J. (1999). The Keats heuristic: Rhyme as reason in aphorism interpretation. Poetics, 26, 235-244.Mishra, P. (2011). A deconstructive stylistic reading of Keats Ode on a Grecian Urn. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265634074_A_Deconstructive_Stylistic_Reading_of_Keats'_Ode_on_a_Grecian_UrnSanjai, K. Suman, S. (2012). A few lines on the odes of John Keats. International journal of scientific and research publications, 2, 23-26.Tate, J. O. A. (2001). Tension in poetry. In Zhu Gang (Ed.) Twentieth century western critical theory. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Tyrer, C. E. (1998). The sensuousness of Keats. 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