全文总字数：11242字
摘 要
随着工业生产和人类生活水平的不断提高，人类对于石油资源的需求也不断上升，这也随之带来了石油开采和运输过程中存在的隐患，其中原油泄漏所带来的环境污染对人类健康和生态环境的危害犹为严重。近年来人们针对原油泄漏事件研究出了各种用于油水分离的吸油材料，但目前存在的吸油材料普遍具有油水分离效率不高、吸油能力低、原料和制备成本高等问题。本实验提出了一种温和、经济、简易的改性三聚氰胺海绵吸油材料方法。只需一步法将三聚氰胺海绵浸泡在氧氯化锆溶液中一段时间，随后进行干燥即可获得。通过过渡金属离子与三聚氰胺海绵上丰富的氨基N原子之间形成强健的配合键，从而降低三聚氰胺海绵表面极性，进而使其表面能大大降低，最终制得疏水亲油性三聚氰胺海绵。所得改性海绵对油水混合物具有良好的分离效率，可以选择性吸附水中较轻密度（小于水）及较重密度（大于水）的油品，与水接触角可达到130°以上，对各种油品和有机试剂的吸附量都达到70g/g以上。海绵的改性较为彻底，其内部同样具有疏水亲油性能，且该海绵的化学性质稳定，重复使用性良好。因此本实验所制备的金属离子改性三聚氰胺海绵由于制备过程简易温和、材料分离效果良好，在油水分离的实际应用中具有较好的应用前景。
关键词：油水分离；三聚氰胺海绵；过渡金属；经济简易；
Abstract
With the continuous improvement of industrial production and human living standard, demand for oil resources is also on the rise, which also brings hidden dangers in the process of oil exploitation and transportation, Among them ,the environmental pollution caused by oil spill is especially serious to human health, water environment and ecological environment. In recent years, various oil-absorbing materials for oil-water separation have been developed in response to the oil spill. However, the existing oil-absorbing materials generally have the following problems: low oil-water separation efficiency, low oil-absorbing capacity, high raw material and fabrication cost. In this paper, a mild, economical and simple method for preparing modified melamine sponge is presented. The modified melamine sponge can be obtained by soaking it in Zirconium oxychloride solution for only one step and then drying. Through the formation of a strong coordination bond between the transition metal ions and the abundant amino N atoms on the melamine sponge, the surface polarity of the melamine sponge was reduced, then the surface energy was greatly reduced. Finally, the hydrophobic and lipophilic melamine sponge was prepared. The modified sponge of oil-water mixture has good separation efficiency, can Selectively adsorb oils with light density (less than water) and heavy density (more than water) in water, also, water contact Angle can reach more than 130 °, adsorption quantity of oils and organic reagents reached more than 70 g/g. The sponge has been modified thoroughly, its interior also has hydrophobic-oleophilic properties. Moreover, the sponge has stable chemical properties and good reusability. Therefore, the metal ion-modified melamine sponge prepared in this experiment has a good prospect in the practical application of oil-water separation due to its simple and mild preparation process and good material separation effect.
Key words: oil-water separation；MS；transition metal；economic and simple；
第一章 前言
1.1研究背景
1.1.1海洋溢油的危害
众所周知，水是生命之源。而近年来全球淡水资源的匮乏较为严重，各种形式的水体污染更是加剧了水资源的浪费。含油废水由于其扩散快、难以清除干净、环境危害严重等特点成为了近年来人们关注的重点。人类日常生活如餐饮行业废水、家庭生活废水等，工业生产和实验研究产生的废水，以及海上石油的开采、运输、贮存和有机溶剂泄露产生的污水等是含油污水的主要来源，其中海上石油和有机溶剂泄露最为危险，它不仅对人类健康和生态环境造成难以修复的严重危害同时还可能具有火灾和爆炸的危害，还是一种对自然资源的浪费。当含油废水流入水体时，油类将会在水体表面形成一层薄膜，这层薄膜能够阻隔空气和阳光，造成水体缺氧，使水生生物的光合作用不能正常进行，进而使水体的自清洁能力下降，引发水体变臭、大量水生生物死亡等现象。
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