美国前总统特朗普涉新冠肺炎疫情话语中隐喻的批评认知研究文献综述

 2021-12-28 09:12

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文献综述

文 献 综 述A Critical Cognitive Study of Metaphors in U.S. President Donald Trumps Discourse Concerning COVID-19美国总统特朗普涉新冠肺炎疫情话语中隐喻的批评认知研究1. IntroductionThe Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) that spread globally in the early 2020 has become a public health emergency of international concern. It has caused serious damage to peoples physical and mental health as well as social order due to its fierce outbreak, complex causes and widespread dissemination. Since the outbreak, many world leaders have made public speeches or press conferences to interpret the situation and give instructions. As the president of the only superpower today, Donald Trumps remarks have undoubtedly received worldwide attention. In order to make persuasion more vivid, politicians often use figurative language, especially metaphors. As a special kind of discourse, political discourse and metaphor are inseparable.Metaphor research has gone through more than 2,300 years of history since the time of Aristotle in ancient Greece. With the academic exploration, people gradually realize that metaphor is not only a figure of speech, but also a kind of cognitive nature of human being. Metaphors cognitive perspective renders a new viewpoint for linguists to understand discourse. Born in the 1970s, Critical Discourses Analysis (CDA) begins with the study of literary texts and has been gradually applied to the analysis of non-literary texts, especially political discourse. Based on metaphor theory and CDA, Charteris-Black (2004) proposes Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) in the book Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis, aiming to analyze metaphors using CDA, corpus analysis, pragmatics and cognitive linguistics.This thesis aims to find out the ideology and power relations underlying the metaphors in Trumps discourse concerning COVID-19.There are five chapters in this thesis. Chapter one introduces the research background, research questions and the overall structure. Chapter Two is the review of literature, including the definition of metaphor, previous studies on metaphor in political discourse and the research gap. Chapter Three provides the theoretical framework. Chapter Four presents a critical metaphor analysis of Trumps discourse concerning COVID-19. The last chapter is the concluding section, which summarizes the major findings, points out the limitations and puts forward suggestions for further study.2. Literature review2.1 Defining metaphorMetaphor has long been studied as a rhetorical figure since Aristotle. Richards (1936) first proposes Interaction Theory, which achieves the transition from the study of rhetoric to the study of cognitive style in the history of metaphor research. He further points out that metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a way of human thinking. In 1980, Lakoff and Johnson put forward the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) in their seminal book Metaphors we live by, which is a turning point in metaphor studies. CMT argues that metaphor is a systematic mapping from a specific conceptual domain to an abstract conceptual domain and that metaphor is a way of thinking and a means of cognition. Foss (1988) characterizes metaphors as nonliteral comparisons in which a word or phrase from one domain of experience is applied to another domain.2.2 Review of previous studies2.2.1 Identifying metaphorsMetaphor identification aims to determine whether there is tension between the source domain and the target domain, that is, whether there is a meaning beyond the literal meaning. The expression of metaphor usually consists of three factors: tenor, vehicle and ground. Tenor refers to the concrete object described by a metaphor, usually things that exist objectively; vehicle is the abstract object in metaphorical expression; ground refers to the deep meaning expressed by a metaphor. On the one hand, metaphor identification attempts to find out the tenor, the vehicle and ground of a metaphor and on the other hand, it digs out the information conveyed by the metaphor expression and then conducts a comprehensive analysis of the information. Research on metaphor identification is still at the exploratory stage, and more attention is paid to lexical features. At present, metaphor identification includes two main approaches: semantic knowledge-based approach and machine learning-based approach.The basic idea of the semantic knowledge-based approach is to formalize the metaphorical knowledge and rules into a semantic analysis machine, which can analyze and understand the input metaphor. Fass (1991) builds knowledge of semantic selection constraints, and determines whether there is semantic conflict between literal meaning and contextual meaning, thus completing metaphor identification. Strzalkowski (2008) studies emotional metaphor from lexical and semantic features. Wilk (2013) improved Fasss approach by extracting semantic preference knowledge from VerbNet and WordNet and automatically identifying those already fixed, lexical metaphors. Florou (2013) proposes a context-based verb-related metaphor identification system.Since the 21st century, with the development of artificial intelligence technology and the deepening of metaphor research, the machine learning-based approach has received more and more attention. On the basis of syntactic and semantic analysis, Zhang and Barnden (2010) use the machine learning-based approach to distinguish semantic and emotional information based on the domain knowledge in WordNet. Kozareva (2013) carries out research on polarity and valence identification of multilingual metaphors. Mohler (2014) proposes the use of distributed word vectors to represent words in a sentence. He identifies the source and target domains of conceptual metaphors through semantic information, so as to identify conceptual metaphors.2.2.2 Studies of metaphor in political discourseThompson (1996) once compares politics without metaphors to a fish without water. Prez Lpez (2018) regards the use of metaphor in political discourse as a priceless weapon, as metaphors not only enhance the message but also attract peoples attention and connect what is already known to people and the ideology of a politician. The study of metaphor in political discourse in the West begins with Lakoff. He provides a new perspective for people to understand western politics by explaining the political orientation, political ideas and values hidden behind political metaphors through the analysis of political discourse. After 1999, Lakoff further expands the conceptual metaphor theory and introduces frame into the field of political science. Charteris-Black (2004) discusses British and American political discourse based on three steps of critical metaphor analysis: metaphor identification, metaphor interpretation, and metaphor explanation. Musolff (2004) uses corpus analysis methods to study conceptual metaphors and ideologies in European political discourse. Franssila (2013) studies sell metaphors in American political news discourse based on corpus research methods.Since the 21st century, domestic scholars have studied political metaphors from multiple angles. Wang Shaohua (2011) uses Bush and Obamas speeches as examples to analyze American political discourse from the perspective of conceptual metaphor. He points out that the morality models, American political parties and core values are closely related to the frames and metaphors in speech. Zhu Xiaomin and Zeng Guoxiu (2013) focus on not only the metaphor patterns in Chinese political discourse, but also how these Chinese political metaphors are translated into English. By analyzing four American presidents speeches from the perspective of critical metaphor analysis, Feng Qun (2013) reveals the powerful function of metaphor in political speech. Hao Jingdong (2014) conducts comparative studies on the pragmatic functions of metaphors in Chinese and American political news discourses. As he indicates, metaphor is widely used in both Chinese and American political news discourses, but the frequency of its pragmatic function is not the same. Yu Shougang and Tian Miao (2015) compare Chinese and American political news discourse from the perspective of grammatical metaphor, trying to reveal the similarities and differences in the use of conceptual grammatical metaphor in Chinese and American political news. Zhao Xiufeng and Feng Dezheng (2017) analyze the interplay of multimodal metaphors and metonymies in the construction of Chinas image in the Economist, and they point out the producers bias and prejudice against the emerging eastern economies under the influence of the western hegemonism.2.3 Research gap Compared with the West, there are relatively few studies on metaphors in political discourse in China from the critical cognitive perspective, and a complete research system has not been formed. In terms of research corpus, the size of the data is relatively small. Some studies are only restricted to a small number of speeches. In the aspect of metaphor identification, there are some problems such as strong subjectivity. If the identification is not accurate, it will affect the subsequent analysis.ReferencesCharteris-Black, J. (2005). Politicians and Rhetoric: The Persuasive Power of Metaphor. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.Gibbs, R. W. (Ed.) (2008). The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Hart, C. (2008). Critical Discourse Analysis and Metaphor: Toward a Theoretical Framework. Critical discourse studies, 5(2), 91-106.Hart, C. (2020).Researching Discourse. Abingdon: Routledge.Hart, C., Rymes, B., Souto-Manning, M., Brown, C., D. (2007). Cognitive Linguistics in Critical Discourse Analysis: Application and Theory. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Kvecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Lakoff, G. (1993). The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor. In A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Lakoff, G., 以特朗普演讲为例，《外国语》，43（3）：90-88。

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